Saturday, August 22, 2020

Dynamicity in HRD Essay Example for Free

Dynamicity in HRD Essay Presentation One of the indispensable pre-essentials in the field of human asset the board is the advancement of its members.â Consequently, to have the option to meet the mind boggling changes that happen in each association, human asset improvement apparently surfaces through the embodiment of keeping up the capacity of the human asset to play out their obligations and commitments in the most serious mean possible.â Organizational conduct basically focuses on the possibility that each association must take care of business a proficient administrative styleâ€which incorporates the human asset departmentâ€so as to have an exhaustive breakdown of work for the compatibility of the organization’s set up objectives and targets (Schwab, 2004).  â â â â â â â â â â Conceivably, to have the option to get the first rate characteristic of the member’s assigned undertaking or occupation remedy, one experiences a progression of preparing to have the option to outfit the aptitudes and the capacities adept for that specific individual just as for the individual to have the option to altogether comprehend the significance of being â€Å"an expert† on the certain job.â Moreover, hierarchical changes must occur when organizations change techniques. Be that as it may, even the best key plans experience opposition. Any huge change makes â€Å"people issues†. To flourish, organization ought to have an individual guilty pleasure of the human phaseâ€the arrangement of the company’s culture, qualities, individuals, and behaviorsâ€to bolster the favored outcomes.  â â â â â â â â â â Training is considered as a powerful that contain esteem; esteem is acknowledged distinctly through the persistent, consolidated activities of all representatives who are responsible for structuring, executing, and existing with the moving milieu.â Hence, in this specific sort of blueprint, at that point it goes to show the discernment that regardless of how high an individual’s position might be, every individual from the association must be available to change, to permit themselves to be prepared and create for the advancement of the entire gathering or the organization for that case. Blend on the job of HRDs  â â â â â â â â â â Human asset engineers are maybe one of the most significant key players in an organization.â It is through them that the representatives and the possibility laborers are being focused, prepared, surveyed and assessed before a specific position is given.â As a self evident truth, they are vested with the power to control the inescapable weaknesses or different types of problems which typically emerge in assorted situations.â Promotion for instance, is affected by the HRD’s guidance to the more significant position authority since that these people are compactly the individuals who have painstakingly examined and investigated whether a worker has the right to get that position (Wilson, 2002).  â â â â â â â â â â Further, human asset engineers are required to be in flying hues in open connection abilities just as with human conduct schemas.â Not just does it make the obligation very convoluted, yet it is likewise one of the principle reasons why they have to not just observe the â€Å"intellectual† aptitudes of the representatives however should likewise pay high respect on the elements that may have showed the conduct and the exhibition of the subjects under study.â As to how HRD is characterized: â€Å"..Organized learning exercises masterminded inside an association so as to improve execution as well as self-awareness to improve the activity, the individual, or potentially the organization.† (Wilson, 2002)  â â â â â â â â â â With this implication alone, the job of human asset engineers in dealing with an association is all things considered the foundation of the management.â Globalization focuses on the need of cautiously and cleverly made projects intended to set certain arrangements on correspondence, initiative and the executives abilities as a pre-essential in accomplishing managerial objectives (Hughes Beatty, 2005).â The multifaceted nature of the universe of business deliberately sets shifted prerequisites which stage the progression of the environment’s dynamicity requiring a more significant level of consideration for the adaption of authoritative changes (Segil, 2002).â Hence it might then be taken to suspicion that without the helper of these â€Å"critics† in an association, development and improvement inside its individuals would be injured down.  â â â â â â â â â â The job of the HRD’s explicitly incorporate territories of preparing and advancement, vocation improvement, and association upgrade which, basically, follows with the degree of changes that happen in nature just as with the general public where the association falls of service.â Training is fundamentally the point of convergence of improving the aptitudes and capacities of the employee.â Surveys have indicated that workers who are slanted with thoroughness preparing through the direction of HRD constituents are well on the way to have an extraordinary presentation in an organization.â This is on the grounds that through legitimate trainingâ€wherein the representative can completely get, practice and study one’s occupation descriptionâ€mistakes have brief possibility for being submitted. Key parts of preparing in HRD Supervisors of preparing and mentors, regardless of what their titles, will discover in this book all the devices they requirement for any preparation challenge (Wilson, 2002).â Training executives and HR chiefs, who are in positions with authoritative responsibility, will locate this short and smart how to strategy, especially the agendas that have an affinity to make greater judgment, outstandingly helpful. Officials will expeditiously observe the limit of an assortment of parts of preparing and be tended to in dynamic about the arrangement of their duties.  â â â â â â â â There are a few different ways to perform preparing, (1) learning and improvement can be best characterized with the quote:â â€Å"If you are not going advances, you are in actuality going backwards;† (2) administration/the executives preparing and advancement should be possible through a progression of formal or casual methodologies which will help both the student and the mentor meet the circle of desires, (3) setting preparing and learning at the correct level means that in each preparation, there is a comparing time or length for every action or meeting to be performed, until now suggesting that the exercises included should be in a request and must be followed. Not exclusively does the preparation should be guessed in the most deliberative setting of the pattern, (4) it should likewise give high respect on Training Needs Analysis (TNA) which is described as the purpose of figuring out what is important to finish the work in real life; the available ability force of the staff doing the work and the arrangement gapâ€which glides in the last phases of the preparation. Understanding the underlying drivers of preparing is a fundamental preferred position in the executives. Hypotheses of mental models and brain traps help clarify why people are bound to keep up past positions. As people, we as a whole form our own psychological maps that we use to see, contextualize, improve, and comprehend things occurring before us. Those defined mental maps can fool us into mental snares from deduction impartially, consistently or sanely. They likewise block us from tolerating contrasts. Changing mental maps causes distress or torment. The more noteworthy the agony and the experience, the more prominent the preparation will be. Ends and further comments  â â â â â â â â â â The need of preparing in an association is therefore a factor which apparently exists even in the medieval ages and is conveyed along in the contemporary society.â The distinction between the past and the present would just fall on the smooth out of â€Å"intellectual capacity† consequently taking the preparation techniques which are executed these days are pointed towards the arrangement of specialized and theoretical skillsâ€all of which commensurate to a determination that for an individual to have the option to create, one should reliably prepare their self so as not to be deserted and be capable enough for society’s steady changes (Watson Noble, 2005). References Hughes, R. L., Beatty, K. M. (2005). Turning into a Strategic Leader: Your Role in Your Organizations Enduring Success (Lst ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Schwab, D. P. (2004). Research Methods for Organizational Studies (Second ed.). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum. Segil, L. (2002). Dynamic Leader Adaptive Organization: Ten Essential Traits for Managers (1 ed.). Toronto: Wiley. Watson, T., Noble, P. (2005). Assessing Public Relations: A Best Practice Guide to Public Relations Planning, Research Evaluation. London, United Kingdom: Kogan Page. Wilson, J. P. (2002). Human Resource Development: Learning and Training for Individuals and Organizations (Second ed.). London: Kogan Page.

Friday, August 21, 2020

A profit margin Essays

An overall revenue Essays An overall revenue Essay An overall revenue Essay As of now exceptionally serious and stuffed market; setting up another name here would be extremely troublesome and a costly business. As Giusti is a settled firm in this part with an overall client base it has as of now beat these dangers of passage. The organization anyway is continually hoping to broaden its item extend; as of late in the field of capacity storehouses and homogenisers for restorative creams. In the new item extend these obstructions do exist and Giusti battles here, as it doesn't have adequate faculty to build up these new ranges. Therefore we locate that new items are transformative as opposed to progressive. The organization will in general create items at work, and this is a training normal with little building organizations. It is useful in that it keeps overheads low yet when the recently evolved item doesn't proceed as foreseen then the correction expenses can raise as commonly the unit is nearby at a clients factory. Becomix, who are a German contender of Giusti, have comparative issues yet a more elevated level of keeping an eye on so improvement can be completed close by creation building. Danger Of Substitutes Manufacturing in the United Kingdom has been on a general log jam for various years at this point and this is reflected in the client base Giusti has in this nation. Alongside different procedure gear providers Giusti has acknowledged that, particularly in the food segment, the utilization of recycled vessels and siphons and so forth is turning out to be increasingly more typical because of imperatives on extension spending plans. Accordingly the organization has framed close ties with recycled hardware stockists and, where proper, will offer the choice of utilizing new or pre-utilized gear. Bartering Power Of Suppliers The cost of treated steel is raised because of overcharges for nickel content, however this is genuinely steady and regular to contenders. Infrequently a client may determine that a specific producer of subordinate hardware be utilized in a venture and in cases like these it is extremely hard to arrange critical discounts. Giustis costs have been known to be at the upper finish of the market scale before and incredible endeavors have been made in the course of the most recent nine years to lessen the expense of the gear by expanding the efficiencies in the industrial facility (buying crease welding gear, the expanding utilization of PC controlled laser cutting, financial clumping of standard segments, and so forth.), esteem building the hardware to decrease materials utilized, required creation, machining, cleaning, and fitting time on the shop floor. The proficiency increments have brought about the organization having the option to utilize a multi year old evaluating list for current, and significantly better, hardware. The region that is as yet costly is the control frameworks and purchased out components. The organization has known for quite a while that many purchased out parts (valves, siphons, gear units, electrical hardware, and so forth.) are made in India and the Far East, sent to Europe and afterward circulated on to the client. In setting up an office in India three years back the organization is attempting to remove the European center man and increase the cost sparing. Resolving the unwavering quality and quality issues with these providers is critical to this activities long haul achievement. Haggling Power Of Buyers In late years the client base adjusted by Giusti has seen a legitimization; with pharmaceutical organizations combining, for example SmithKline Beecham and Glaxo Wellcome now knows as Glaxo SmithKline (GSK), and firms, for example, Avon Cosmetics moving to save money on creation costs, for example moving creation from Northampton to Poland. As a provider to these organizations Giusti now have less clients however the purchasers that remain now have more prominent dealing power. In a providers course held by GSK in the most recent year they expressed that all providers were to lessen costs in all cases by 21% if they somehow managed to stay on the suggested providers list. As expressed before Giusti has put forth incredible attempts to decrease creation costs trying to keep up gainfulness however when clients, for example, H. J. Heinz hold offering barters on-line and grant the agreement to the most reduced bidder then there is where a line is to be drawn between keeping up a bustling manufacturing plant and keeping up a benefit margin. Becomix don't go into estimating or conveyance time fights, depending on the nature of their items. The cost on the container is the value that everybody pays and expressed conveyance may return, however never be enhanced. They have an apparent included worth that is high and is adequate to hold up under a cost and conveyance premium.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Dietrich Bonhoeffer was executed in a German jail camp in April 1945, matured just 39 and when the war was practically finished. He is commonly viewed as a saint, passing on as a result of his enormous Christian confidence. His life anyway began as the most youthful child in an enormous, upbeat and rich family. Despite the fact that his dad was a skeptic Bonhoeffer entered the Lutheran service, not at all like his siblings who favored all the more generously compensated carers in law and research. With Hitler’s ascend to control his congregation was not set up to make any remain against him.The theological school, of which he was head, had to move underground. At this period he composed ‘The Cost of Discipleship’ in which he poses the inquiries ‘How do I carry on with a Christian life on the planet? I'm not catching it's meaning to be a devotee of Jesus Christ? ’ From that time he turned out to be politically dynamic against Hitler, in any event, head ing out to America so as to pick up help. He before long returns as a result of his conviction that on the off chance that he is to play a functioning job in post-war Germany he should likewise impart the challenges to his people.He moves from the pacifism of figures, for example, Mahatma Ghandi, whom he had would like to visit one day to coordinate move, in any event, partaking in a death plot. In 1943, not long after his commitment he is detained. His letters from jail are certain in their temperament. After two years he is moved, first to the inhumane imprisonment at Buchenwald, and afterward to Flossenburg. There he approaches to lead a help for different detainees †his writings are Isaiah 53 v 5 which discusses being recuperated by Christ, and 1 Peter 1 v 3 which discusses the desire for revival. That equivalent day he is taken to his demise and to endless life.

Tuesday, July 14, 2020

The Effects of Parental Alcoholism on Children

The Effects of Parental Alcoholism on Children Addiction Alcohol Use Children of Alcoholics Print The Effects of Parental Alcoholism on Children By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 06, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 08, 2020 Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin More in Addiction Alcohol Use Children of Alcoholics Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery One misconception that many people dealing with alcoholism have is that their drinking is not affecting anyone else. Of course, thats not true, and children of alcoholic parents can be among those most impacted. Unfortunately, the effects of growing up around alcoholism are sometimes so profound that they last a lifetime, affecting the way kids-turned-adults see themselves and others, interact in relationships, and more. Parents struggling with alcoholism may be surprised or concerned after reading on about the impact their addiction can have on their children now and through adulthood. Their kids, however, may find relief knowing what may have contributed to some of the issues they may face today. 13 Characteristics of Adult Children of Alcoholics Normalization of Alcoholism Because they may not have had a good example to follow from their childhood and potentially never experienced traditional or harmonious family relationships, adult children of alcoholics may have to guess at what it means to be normal. Because alcohol use is normalized in families with alcoholism, children can often struggle to distinguish between good role models and bad ones. As a result, many will end up feeling conflicted, confused, and self-conscious when they realize that drinking is not considered normal in other families.?? Trust Issues After growing up in an atmosphere where denial, lying, and keeping secrets may have been the norm, adult children of alcoholics can develop  serious trust problems. Broken promises of the past tell them that trusting someone will backfire on them in the future.?? As a result of trust issues or the lack of self-esteem, adult children of alcoholics will often struggle with romantic relationships or avoid getting close to others. If a childs  alcoholic parent was mean or abusive when they were drunk, adult children can grow up with a fear of all angry people. They may spend their lives avoiding conflict or confrontation of any kind, worrying that it could turn violent. Self-Judgment Some adult children of alcoholics find it difficult to give themselves a break. If they had a tumultuous upbringing, they often dont feel adequate when comparing themselves to others and feel that they are never good enough. They may have little self-worth and low self-esteem and can develop deep feelings of inadequacy. Children of an alcoholic parent may find themselves thinking they are different from other people and therefore not good enough. Consequently, they may avoid social situations, have difficulty making friends, and isolate themselves as a result. Many adult children of alcoholics  take themselves very seriously  and can be their own worst critics, leading to anxiety, depression, and social isolation.?? It can often be difficult for an adult child of an alcoholic to lighten up at social gatherings when they associate these events with trauma, tension, or feelings of dread. Approval-Seeking Behaviors In addition to judging themselves too harshly, some  adult children of alcoholics constantly seek approval  from others.?? They can become people-pleasers who are crushed if someone is not happy with them and live in fear of any kind of criticism. Perhaps to avoid criticism or the anger of their alcoholic parent, many children from alcoholic homes become  super responsible or perfectionists, and can become overachievers or workaholics. On the other hand, it is not uncommon for a person to go in the opposite direction, mirroring the same bad behaviors they may have witnessed during childhood. If an alcoholic parent was emotionally or physically unavailable, the adult child can develop a debilitating  fear of abandonment and, as a result, hold on to toxic relationships just because they dont want to be alone. A Word From Verywell The emotional and psychological scars that children of alcoholics can develop can be so deep that they last well into adulthood. If you have an alcohol problem and you have children in the home, please  try to find help. Focusing on the love of your children and how your drinking may be affecting them can go a long way toward motivating you to scale back your drinking or stop it altogether. They deserve that positive changeâ€"and so do you. Likewise, if you are the child of a parent who is or was an alcoholic (or had other addiction problems) and are experiencing one or more of the issues above or any sort of psychological distress, please seek out  support.  You are not alone, and you deserve help and treatment. Real Stories From Adult Children of Alcoholism

Tuesday, June 30, 2020

Manipulation of the Spy Novel in Chang-Rae Lees Native Speaker - Literature Essay Samples

Chang-Rae Lee’s Native Speaker describes the difficult and oftentimes discouraging assimilation of a young Korean American, Henry Park. Throughout the novel, Henry struggles to find his true self in either Korean or American culture. His effort to mold an identity in a foreign country leaves him an â€Å"emotional alien†¦stranger [and] follower,† often feeling like he is invisible to those around him (5). Similarly, Chang-Rae Lee manipulates common Asian stereotypes to aid his novel’s purpose. It is not a coincidence that the sneaky, reserved, private, and secretive traits required of a spy are also fitting of American expectations for immigrants. Indeed, Lee’s choice to assign Henry the career of a spy is a cultural convention in itself. Ultimately, Henry’s role as a spy serves as a symbol for the American immigrant experience. Chang-Rae Lee moves beyond the one-dimensionality of a traditional spy novel and, instead, uses Henry’s career as a vehicle to express the fractured and conflicting identities induced by assimilation into American culture. A Korean native, Henry is the perfect candidate for his occupation. While exact details of his work are never fully expressed, we learn that he is employed by Glimmer and Co., a shady information firm specializing in gathering secret and beneficial data on individuals in immigrant communities. Undoubtedly, Lee is playing on stereotypes defining Asians as sneaky, quiet, and deceptive. Henry’s appeal to spying stems from the â€Å"cultural legacy of silence† learned from his parents who were authentically Korean (Chen 639). Almost inescapably, Henry finds that his â€Å"truest place in the culture† is his job, especially since his boss â€Å"bemoaned the fact that Americans generally made the worst spies† (118, 160). In order for his work to be effective, Henry must devise fictitious narratives for himself so that he will remain undetected when faced by his clients. As a result, the line between Henry’s true self and his portrayal to outsiders is ofte n indistinguishable. Similarly, Lee draws on parallels between Henry’s physical position as an outsider and spy and his position as an emotional or cultural outsider resulting from his immigrant status. Also, the nature of impersonation required of a spy echoes the immigrant inclination to present a front to those considered â€Å"more† American than immigrants themselves. The invisibility Henry practices as a spy â€Å"coincides with the in/visibilities of race† (Chen 645). After all, even Henry is familiar with â€Å"that secret living† practiced by foreigners in America (163). For example, his childhood is plagued with memories of customers at his father’s grocery shop who â€Å"didn’t seem to see [him]† and â€Å"didn’t look at [him]† because he â€Å"was a comely shadow who didn’t threaten them† (49). In this way, Henry and his career become a metaphor for immigrants more generally. Furthermore, for so meone who has ambiguous self-perception and identity, it is ironic his work at Glimmer and Co. requires him to investigate, dissect, and sum up the identities and intentions of others. While Henry’s career requires him to explicitly describe others’ identities and invent multiple identities for himself to accomplish this goal, he is completely dependent on those around him to shape his personal identity. His â€Å"inability to divorce personal problems from professional obligations† leaves him searching for self-definition and validation through others’ eyes. As an end result, his professional secrecy bleeding into personal relationships contributes to his already fractured identity. By the end of the novel, Henry realizes that his deceptive acts and false identities as a spy have personally compromised him. His performance as a spy has deeply affected his sense of self and his personal relationships. In general, his â€Å"co-mingling of reality and illusion† comes to represent a larger immigrant struggle between American assimilation and ethnic allegiance (Chen 653). Indeed, these struggles become evident in his personal and professional relationships with his wife, Lelia, and his subjects Doctor Luzan and John Kwang. For instance, the story begins with a list of descriptors that Lelia has left for Henry before she leaves him for the islands, adjectives like, but not limited to, â€Å"surreptitious, illegal alien, emotional alien, stranger, follower, spy† (5). This list is what initiates Henry’s internal conflict about his true identity and leaves him realizing he does not know who he truly is or which culture he belongs to. Lelia’s l ist reveals Henry’s lack of self-agency and more generally: â€Å"[she] symbolizes his general willingness to let someone else determine who he is† (Chen 165). Instead of protesting Lelia’s unflattering descriptions of him, Henry accepts her assessment and spends their separation living up to or being defined by her perceptions of who he is. By engineering this element of the narrative, Chang-Rae Lee illuminates the struggle that immigrants experience in resisting outside ideas of who they are and what defines them as â€Å"American.† In general, Henry’s identity crisis is caused by his â€Å"inability to divorce his personal problems from his professional obligations† (Chen 644). During his separation from Lelia, Henry is assigned coverage of a psychoanalyst, Dr. Luzan. In order to gather information successfully, Henry must create a pseudo-self, or a â€Å"legend,† as he refers to it (22). However, when Dr. Luzan asks Henry, â€Å"Who, my young friend, have you been all your life?† during the therapy session, Henry realizes that he is â€Å"stringing the legend back upon himself† (205, 22). Thus, Henry’s â€Å"true† personal narrative becomes intertwined with the fictitious Henry Park, causing him to â€Å"becom[e] dangerously frank, inconsistently schizophrenic† (22). He explains: â€Å"When I was in the chair across the desk from Luzan I completely lost myself† (22). In this moment, Chang-Rae Lee attempts to illuminate the result of being from two different cultures yet belonging to neither. Since Henry can commit to neither his authentic self nor his fictional narratives, he is left feeling completely isolated and â€Å"othered.† Additionally, Henry’s relationship with another assignment subject, John Kwang, reveals the same sort of ambiguity. If it is Lelia who represents to Henry everything American he aspires to be, then it is John Kwang who represents the most cherished aspects of Korean lifestyle and culture. Although Kwang ostensibly represents the same type of American-ness as his political opponent, he is still able to retain his inner Korean heritage. For Henry, Kwang embodies the kind of seamless assimilation that he is unable to achieve. As with Dr. Luzan, the â€Å"legend† that Henry writes for himself becomes unravelled as his admiration for Kwang grows. Henry eventually â€Å"succumbs to the illusions of his own performances,† and his relationships with both Dr. Luzan and John Kwang signify his inability to separate his fictional self from his â€Å"real† self (Chen 644). Henry’s role as a spy ultimately serves as a symbol for the American immigrant experience. Despite the ability of those around him to easily define his role in America as a non-native speaker, Henry is never quite able to reconcile his Korean background with his American residence. In short, Chang-Rae Lee’s deliberate career choice for Henry draws on parallels between Henrys physical position as an outsider and spy and his position as an emotional or cultural outsider, an alienation resulting from his immigrant status. Works Cited Chen, Tina. â€Å"Impersonation and Other Disappearing Acts in Native Speaker by Chang-Rae Lee.† MFS Modern Fiction Studies 48.3 (2002): 637-667. Lee, Chang-Rae. Native Speaker. New York: Riverhead, 1995.

Thursday, May 21, 2020

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Scsi And Ata Standards

Advantages: 1. Read and write data much faster than traditional hard disk. 2. Allow system to boot up and launch programs far more quickly. 3. More physically robust. 4. Use less power and generate less heat. Disadvantages: 1. Lower capacity than most hard disk. 2. Limited storage cost per gigabyte. 3. Limited number of data writes cycles. 4. Performance degrades over time. 5. Require appropriate configuration and management to maximize lifespan. For years the parallel interface has been widely used in storagesystems. The need for increased bandwidth and flexibility in storage systems made the SCSI and ATA standards an inefficient option. A parallel interface is a channel capable of transferring date in parallel mode — that is transmitting multiple bits simultaneously. Almost all personal computers come with at least one parallel interface. Common parallel interfaces include SCSI and ATA. SCSI (sku4ze) Short for small computer system interface, a parallel interface standard used by Apple Macintosh computers, PCs and many UNIX systems for attaching peripheral devices to computers. Nearly all Apple Macintosh computers, excluding only the earliest Macs and the recent iMac, come with a SCSI port for attaching devices such as disk drives and printers. SCSI interfaces provide for data transmission rates (up to 80 megabytes per second). In addition, you can attach multiple devices to a single SCSI port, so that SCSI is really an I/O bus rather than simply an interface. ATA (AlsoShow MoreRelatedCMIT Quiz25794 Words   |  104 Pageshave  examined  the  Startup  folder,  and  the problem  application  is  not  present.  Which utility  should  you  use  to  prevent  the program  from  starting  automatically? MSConfig.exe Your  computer  currently  runs  Windows  7 Enterprise  edition.  You  want  to  create  a RAID  10  array  using  four  newly ­installed SATA  disks.  When  you  go  to  Disk Management,  the  option  to  create  the RAID  10  array  is  not  available.  What should  you  do? Install  an  add ­on  RAID  controller http://quizlet.com/64705886/combo ­with ­combo ­with ­testout ­pc ­pro ­a ­22