Visual Information Encryption by D-H Key Agreement

Visual Information Encryption by D-H Key Agreement Visual Information Encryption by D-H Key Agreement and Visual Cryptography Abstract Visual cryptography provides secured digital transmission which is used only for one time. In order to make visual cryptography reusable Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key is used. The original images can be reuse by using this scheme. It is effortless and uncomplicated technique to execute the secret image for shadow images. The shadow images are the shrunken version of the original image, in which the secret image share is embedded. These are used to guard the data and secret images in the internet so that it is not accessed by any unauthorized persons. Visual cryptography divides the image into secret shadow images. After this these shadow images are distributed in the original image. Recovering of secret image is done by human visual system by piling all the shadow images. As this Visual cryptography is used only once D-H key agreement was used to make it reusable by using D-H key scheme in it. Objectives: Provision of security for hidden images Reusing of the original image is possible by this technology Images should be visible only to human visual system Literature Review In this project a visual cryptography scheme is used for encrypting the information. Visual cryptography is an encryption method which is used to hide the information in an image, decrypted can be done by human visual system. By using only this scheme the reusing is not possible. The image which is recovered after decryption will not be same as original image so it cannot be reused. For the reuse of the visual cryptography Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key agreement method and Toral Automorphism (TA) can be used. In this both secret and symmetry-key representation can be used (Chao-Wen Chan and Yi-Da Wu, 2008). Visual cryptography is the scheme which facilities the secret sharing of the pictures or data. The pixels of the pictures or data that need to be transmitted secretly will be treated as an individual secret which can be shared using a secret sharing scheme. The picture is first split into two or more shared images the secret data are embedded. At the decryption side images are join ed on the transparent paper to get the secret picture or data. This is the way in which the first visual cryptography was started (Borivoje Furht, Edin Muharemagic and Daniel Socek, 2005). Using current methods the Visual cryptography scheme will allow the encoding of the secret image into shares; this is done in the form of transparencies. These shares are distributed to the participants, such that only the qualified subsets of participants can recover the secret image visually. This is done by superimposing the share images one over the other which are obtained from the original image (Carlo Blundo and Stelvio Cimato, 2005). In this scheme the devices are used for encoding of secret information and the decoding is done with human vision directly. For encoding, the visual cryptography will cryptographically encode the binary secret data into shares of the pattern which will be random. Then the shares are copied on to the transparencies with the same number of transparencies as shar es. The transparencies are distributed among the participants, one for each participant. The decoding of the data or picture is done only when all of the participants superimpose their transparencies (Alan Conrad Bovik, 2005). The importance of this scheme is that there is no need for data expansion. The resolution of the data will not be lost by using this scheme. By using this scheme the image will be secure against the most important cryptanalytic attacks. The computation complexity will be less since it involves only XOR operations. By using XOR operations the share images are combined to form the encrypted images. The authentication of the image will be based on the global visual effect, so local defects due to noise will not affect the final result. The most important aspect of this scheme is that the decoding of the secret data or image can be done with human vision without any decoding equipment (Kiyoharu Aizawa, Yuichi Nakamura and Shinichi Satoh, 2004). The previous techno logies that came into existing before visual cryptography are two-out-of two visual threshold schemes, two-out-of-n visual-threshold scheme. In a two-out-of two visual threshold scheme the secret can be any type of data (Abhishek Parakh and Subhash Kak, 2006, p.1). For an image comprising of white and black pixels, this image can be encoded as a binary string. In this scheme the 0 will represent a white pixel and 1 represents a black pixel and the result will be sent in two shares. The security problem by this is having only 50 percent of resolution will be obtained because the image is divided into only two shares and if the new shares of data are found the image can be decrypted very easily. A two-out-of-n visual-threshold scheme is more secure when compared with the first. In this scheme also the pixels are divided into two, but the shares will be n. By this the security will increase. When compared with the D-H key agreement the resolution of these schemes will be less and secur ity will also be less (Doug Stinson, 1999). The D-H key agreement is used to make possible the reuse of visual cryptography. The Diffie-Hellman key agreement used an interface known as D-H key interface. This interface is used for password based Encryption. These interfaces typically can be used by the programmer who is implementing a Cryptographic provider or who wants to implement a cryptography algorithm (David Flanagan, 2005). Diffie- Hellman Key agreement is also known as exponential key exchange. This key provides the solution to the key distribution problems, allowing two parties, never having met in advance to share key material for establishing a shared secret by exchanging messages over an open channel. This is a fundamental technique providing unauthenticated key agreement. The main goal of an authenticated Key establishment protocol is to distribute key of data. The established key should have precisely the same attributes as a key established face to face, it should be distributed uniformly at random from the key space, and an unauthorized entity will not be able to learn anything about the key (Alfred J.Menezes, Paul C. Van Oorschot, and Scott A. Vanstone, 1997). D-H key agreement protocols involve the derivation of the shared secret information based on compatible D-H keys between the sender and recipient. The information is then converted into the cryptographic keying material for other algorithms. A variation of the Diffie-Hellman is used for converting the shared secret data into an arbitrary amount of keying materials (Manuel Mogollon, 2008). According to Michael Baake and John A G Roberts (2001, p.1) Toral Automorphisms will be represented by the uni-modular integer matrices, are investigated with the help of symmetries and also reversing symmetries group of matrices with a simple spectrum through their connection with unit groups in orders of algebraic number fields. The reversibility will derive the necessary conditions in terms of the distinctive polynomial and the polynomial invar iants. This shows that the Voiculescu- Brown entropy of the non-commutative toral automorphism arising from a matrix S in is at least half the value of the topological entropy of the corresponding classical toral automorphism. This is a new method used to prove the position limit laws in the theory of dynamical systems, which is based on the Chen-Stein method combined with the analysis of the homo clinic Laplace operator and some other homo clinic considerations (Massimo Franceschetti and Ronald Meester, 2002, p.2). The main use of this is to generate a disorder in the arrangement of digital images. The equation (1) define the two dimensional matrix. The new technology that can be used for the visual cryptography is adaptive order dithering technique. By using this technique the decrypted image size can be reduced and also the quality of decryption image can be improved. In this technique the technique will get adaptive to the data that is used (Nagaraj V. Dharwadkar, B.B. Amberker and Sushil Raj Joshi, 2009). From the above context it can be understood that visual cryptography is a scheme in which the secret data can be transmitted without getting decoded by others. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Overview Visual Information system significantly enlarges the applications scope of information systems and typically deals with the general purpose multimedia operating system that is supported by multimedia hardware and high bandwidth network. Visual information system involves variety of facilities for efficient visual information presentation and visualization. This system actually provides inter related visual and multimedia information to support the operations, management and decision making functions in an organization. These are text oriented which provides reports, decision-making information and documents for all levels of hierarchy in the organization. With the increase in multimedia platforms, visual information has become more available (Clement H. C. Leung, 1997). In recent years, there has been a rapid growth of information technology for human to communication on the Internet. Since Internet is public, with the advancement of information technology, communication through inte rnet has increased rapidly. As internet can be accessed by everyone and anyone can easily access the information and transmit it without any protection there is possibility of grabbing the information as it became secondary data. So in order to avoid hacking of sensitive information, it should be encrypted before transmission. In order to protect the information Diffie and Helman (D-H) proposed a key agreement scheme that is implemented when two parties agree on a common session key. This key agreement also helps in improving the reusable process. This method is used to compute a common image for encryption and decryption with two parties (Chao-Wen Chan and Yi-Da Wu, 2008). The D-H algorithm does not encrypt data or make a digital signature. This is exclusively used for the generation of shred secrets. The DH key agreement can be split into three parts; they are parameter generation that generates non secret public value and is expensive process, next is phase1generatres two key exc hange values for the parties and phase2 is the originator and recipient that computes the functions in the given image (Blake Dournaee, 2002). DH key agreement has a nice property that it is not sensitive to off-line attacks but it is sensitive to man-in-the-middle attacks (Christian Gehmann, Joakim Persson and Ben Smeets, 2004). In Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key agreement method both the secret and symmetry key are represented in binary image. It is simple and easy to be implemented especially for shadow images. Thus, it can be applied in many electronic business applications. There after Naor and Shamir proposed a methodology named visual secret sharing that provides secrecy to the information and avoids illegal activities; this process is called as Visual Cryptography. This process provides secrecy by partitioning the secret digital image into several shadow images that are recovered by the human visual system by piling all those images together (Jeng-Shyang Pan, Hsiang-Cheh Huang and L. C. Jain, 2004). Hence it can be stated that in order to safeguard the images visual cryptography and DH key agreement are used where the images are split into shadow images and sent which then will be combines and viewed by the human visual system. It is secured by encryption and decryption of images with a key to be presented. Visual cryptography is seen as a one time pad system that cannot be reused, in further sections of the study the implementation of Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key agreement method is researched in detail so that visual cryptography can be reused. 1.2. Aims and Objectives Aim: To research on visual information encryption by D-H Key agreement and visual Cryptography Objectives: Provision of security for hidden images Reusing of the technology again and again Images should be visible only to human visual system 1.3. Purpose of Study The main purpose of studying the Visual Encryption is to provide a unified overview of techniques for the encryption of the image and video data, ranging from commercial applications like DVD or DVB to more research oriented topic and recently published material. To serve this purpose of Visual Encryption has the different techniques of a unified viewpoint, it provide an extensive use of Visual Encryption. Digital visual data is usually organized in a rectangular arrays denoted as frames, the elements of these array are denoted as pixels. Each pixel is a numerical value specifies the intensity of the pixels (Andreas Uhl and Andreas Pommer, 2005). In the latest year, there has been a rapid growth of the information technology for the human to communication on the Internet. As Internet has become the open public, anyone can easily read information and perform the successful transmission of the information without protection. In order to provide the proper security to the information, V isual Information Encryption by D-H Key study is necessary (chao-Wen and Yi-Da Wu, 2008). Visual Information Encryption provides the secure connection and protects data from unexpected modification by hackers or other outsiders. In D-H key encryption a common password is required for all the attendees to participate in the same conference, which gives more security to the information (Encryption, 2008). Visual information Encryption provides the Encryption formats as a standard function. Thus, the main purpose of the study is to implement a visual secret sharing scheme through visual cryptography in order to avoid sensitive information being illegally read or modified because the observations made from the recent electronic business applications on the Internet reveal that the amount of data exchanged is small and the exchanged data requires secrecy. 1.4. Research Context With the rapid increase in visual information, the digital and video encryption approaches are widely studied upon various resources like visual net meetings. This application mostly requires ultra high security to keep the images and video dat confidential among users; nobody can retrieve the content without a key for decryption. Thus, from this point of view image encryption is considered as a basis for visual encryption. Visual Cryptography is a topic that finds its way into every nook and cranny of the networking world. Everyone has their own ideas of how it should work and their own understanding of how it does work. The problem with the encryption is that there are several different types, and these type works in several different ways. And most companies want encryption, they dont necessarily know what type of encryption they want, and what the difference are between the types. Here this is designed to give a good overview of the current encryption technology (Eric Quinn, 2009 ). The visual cryptography is mainly used in maintaining images secretly for not to be accessed by the unauthorized persons. By using this technology the images can be visual by the user but it cannot be accessed by unauthorized persons. As there is increasing growth in the computer networks and in distributed a computing application visual cryptography plays an important role in providing security (visual cryptography, 2009). In binary images scheme the visual cryptography helps in maintaining the secrecy for not providing authorization to intruders. The visual cryptography provides an infinite computation power that messages cannot be identified. This visual cryptography is in identification of bank customers, verification of electronic voting and anti spam bot measures for maintaining the secrecy to avoid intruders Visual cryptography provides a way for secretly maintaining the information and data. Visual cryptography is used in many applications for maintaining data secretly fo r not be authorized by the intruders (Nagaraj V. Dharwadhakar, Amberker and susil Raj Joshi, 2009). This system actually supplies inter related visual and multimedia information to support the operations, management and decision making functions in an organization. This process provides confidentiality by dividing the secret digital image into several images that are healthier by the human visual system by those images together. Visual cryptography strategy is suggested to combine the key agreement scheme with a shadow image without building a secure connection. Thus, visual cryptology uses public key algorithm for having maintain secretly (Kiyoharu Aizawa, Yuichi nakamura and shinichi satoh, 2004). Many organizations are using this methodology for not having interruptions in data. Visual cryptography uses different encryption and decryption techniques and many authentications for not be accessed by unauthorized persons and maintains secrecy. In this research D-H key algorithm is us ed for having secrecy and privacy can be maintained. By implementation of new encryption schemes provides secrecy in an effective manner. 1.5. Research Method Qualitative approach is appropriate for this research method. Qualitative Research Practice starts with the premise that one can improve their research skills by seeing what researchers actually do in particular projects and by adding their actions and plans into their own research practice. It actually demonstrates the benefits of using practical methods from real-life knowledge and will be necessary reading for anyone interested in the process of doing social research (Clive Seale, 2004). It is a field of inquiry that explains discipline and subject matters. It is called as ethnographic research. It involves collection of narrative data in a natural setting in order to gain insights into phenomenon of interest. This research studies many variables over an extensive period of time to find out the way things are, how and why they came to be that way and what it all means. Qualitative researchers do not want to interfere or control anything. The most common method of data collection i nvolves participant observation (Michael Huberman Matthew and Miles, 2002). Qualitative analysis offers a cluster of very useful procedures like guidelines, techniques etc. It actually refers to the educational issues and the understanding of learning and cognition (Pamela S. Maykut and Richard Morehouse, 1994). Hence, it can be said that the secondary data is preferred for this research while searching the related information to it as the other approaches cannot provide a better data to the research. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1. Overview Visual Cryptography is a particular encryption method used to hide information in images in such a way that it can be decrypted by the human visual system if the correct key image is applied. This method was suggested by Naor and Shamir in 1994. Visual Cryptography applies two transparent images. One image consist random pixels and the other image consist of the secret information. In visual cryptography it is not possible to recollect the secret information from one of the images. Both transparent images and layers are involved to reveal the information (Kiyoharu Aizawa, yuichi Nakamura and shichi satoh, 2004). The simplest method to implement Visual Cryptography is to bring out the two layers against a transparent sheet. When the random image contains genuinely random pixels then it can be seen as a onetime pad system and will offer infrangibly encryption. In visual cryptography pixel is divided into white and black blocks. In this chapter, importance of visual cryptography is disc ussed and a New Visual information Encryption Scheme is proposed followed by the explanation of Security analysis on images with the previous technologies. 2.2. Visual Cryptography Visual Cryptography refers to a secret sharing method that will encrypt the secret message into a number of shares and does not require any computer or calculations for decrypting the secret image rather the secret message will be reconstructed visually by overlaying the encrypted shares the secret image will become clearly visible. Visual cryptography scheme on a set P of n participants can be defined as a method of encoding the secret image into n shares so that the original image will be obtained by stacking specific combination of shares onto each other. Visual cryptography technique was initiated by the Naor and Shamiri at Eurocrypt 94. It is a process used for separating one image into various shares. Visual cryptography solutions functions on binary inputs. Visual cryptography is a special technique used to hide information in images in such a way that it can be decrypted by the human vision when the correct image is used. It uses two images one image contains secret informati on, in visual cryptography it is not possible to retrieve the secret information from one of the images, both transparent images are required to reveal the information. To print two layers into the transparent sheet is the simplest way to implement Visual cryptography (jeng shying pan, Hsiang cheh Huang and L. C. Jain, 2004). If the random image contains random pixel then it can be seen as a onetime pad system and will offer unbreakable encryption. These two layers slide over each other until they are correctly aligned where the hidden information appears. This type of visual cryptography which restores the image by stacking some significant images together is known as extended visual cryptography. Generally, visual cryptography suffers from the deterioration of image quality. The basic two cryptography models consists of a secret message encoded into two transparencies, one transparency representing the cipher text and the other acting as a secret key. Both transparencies appear to random dots when inspected individually and does not provide any information about the original clear text. By carefully aligning the transparencies the original message is reproduced (Borivoje Furht, Edin Muharemagic and Daniel socek, 2005). The original decoding is accomplished by the human visual system. Visual cryptography scheme is a visual secret sharing problem in which the secret message is viewed only in black and white pixels. Each pixel in the original image is represented by at least one sub pixel in each of the n transparencies or shares generated. Each share is comprised of collection of m black and white sub pixels where each collection represents a particular original pixel. The contrast of Visual Cryptography Scheme is the difference between the minimum number of black sub pixels in a reconstructed (secret) black pixel and the maximum number of black sub pixels in a reconstructed (secret) white pixel (Kiyoharu Aizawa, Yuchi Nakamura and Shinichi Satoh, 2004). The m ain instantiation of visual cryptographic realizes a cryptographic protocol called secret sharing. The important thing in secret sharing is it relies on a human visual system to perform the decryption. In a conventional secret sharing a secret shared among n participants can pull their shares and recover the secret but the subsets of the forbidden can obtain no information about that. Visual secret sharing schemes inherits all applications of conventional secret sharing schemes most notably access control. An example of the encoding of white and black pixels in a 2 out of 2 scheme can be seen in Figure 1. Here two shares out of the two generated would be needed to recover the original image. Since only two shares are generated, n = 2. White box represents a single white or black pixel in the original image. Sub pixel assignments that would be given to shares #1 and #2 respectively. The number of sub pixels per share used to represent the original pixel is four Finally, the overall visual effect when shares #1 and #2 are correctly aligned on top of one another. Notice that when the shares in this example are combined the original black pixel is viewed as black; however, the original white pixel takes on a grey scale. The structure obtained from either white or black pixel representation can be described by an n. Similar to the area of the secret sharing, more generally structures have been studied in the visual cryptography. The basic model of the visual cryptography consists of a sever al umber of transparency sheets. On each transparency a cipher text is printed which is identical from random noise. The hidden message is reconstructed by stacking a certain number of the transparencies and viewing them. The system can be used by anyone without any knowledge of cryptography and without performing any cryptographic computations. Naor and Shamir have developed the Visual Secret Sharing Scheme (VSSS) to implement this model [Naor95] (Mizuho Nakajima and Yasushi Yamaguchi, 2002). Thus, from the above discursion it can be stated that Visual cryptography is a special technique used to hide information in images in such a way that it can be decrypted by the human vision when the correct image is used. It is a simple and clear scheme that can partition the secret image into a number of shadow images and the dealers can distribute these shadow images to participants. The Visual cryptography scheme makes use of human visual system for recovering secret images by staking vari ous shadow images. 2.3. Importance of Visual Cryptography Visual Information system importantly elaborates the diligences scope of information systems and deals with the multimedia operating system which is supported by multimedia hardware and high bandwidth network. These are text oriented which provides reports, decision-making information and documents for all levels of hierarchy in the organization (Carlo Blundo and Stelvio, 2005). With the increase in multimedia platforms, visual information has become more available with the advancement of information technology; contact through internet has increased rapidly. Visual information system requires many kinds of facilities for effective visual information presentation and visualization. This system actually supplies inter related visual and multimedia information to support the operations, management and decision making functions in an organization. As internet can be accessed by everyone and anyone can easily access the information and transmit it without any protection there is possibil ity of grabbing the information as it became secondary data. So in order to avoid hacking of sensitive information, it should be encrypted before transmission (Yongfei Han, 1997). In order to protect the information Diffie and Helman (D-H) proposed a key agreement scheme that is implemented when two parties agree on a common session key. This key agreement also helps in improving the reusable process. This technique is utilized to calculate a common image for encryption and decryption with two parties. The D-H algorithm does not encrypt data or make a digital signature. This is exclusively used for the generation of shred secrets. The DH key agreement can be split into three parts; they are parameter generation that generates non secret public value and is expensive process, next is phase1generatres two key exchange values for the parties and phase2 is the originator and recipient that computes the functions in the given image. DH key agreement has a nice property that it is not sen sitive to off-line attacks but it is sensitive to man-in-the-middle attacks. There after Naor and Shamir proposed a methodology named visual secret sharing that provides secrecy to the information and avoids illegal activities (Jeng-Shyang Pan, Hsiang-Cheh Huang and L. C. Jain, 2004). This process is called as Visual Cryptography. This process provides secrecy by partitioning the secret digital image into several shadow images that are recovered by the human visual system by piling all those images together. It is secured technique where the data cannot be traced by others. In classic secret sharing, algorithms for splitting and sharing secret information are a stem of cryptography. In the most general case, their objective is to generate such parts for the data and that could be shared by multiple authorized persons. This problem of splitting information in a manner allowing its reconstruction by a certain n-person group interested in the reconstruction of the split information. Al gorithm solutions developed to achieve this objective and at the same time none of the groups of participants in such a protocol, whose number is lesser than the required m persons. It leads to opposing to read the split message. The algorithms for dividing information make it possible to split it into chunks known as shadows that are later distributed among the participants of the protocol. So that the shares of certain subsets of users collective together and these are capable of reconstructing the original information. There are two groups of algorithms for dividing information, namely, secret splitting and secret sharing. In the first technique, information is distributed among the participants of the protocol, and all the participants are required to put together their parts to have it reconstructed. A more universal method of splitting information is the latter method, i.e. secret sharing (Marek R. Ogiela and Urszula Ogiela, 2009). Thus, from the above discursion it can be sta ted that visual cryptography plays a vital role in securing the data and also in sharing the secret message as the data transferred through internet has been increased. rapidly. Advantages of visual cryptography Visual cryptography is simple to be implemented. Encryption incase of visual cryptography does not require any hard problem dependency. Specifically decryption algorithms are not required because a person aware of cryptography can easily decrypt the message. Cipher text can be Fax or e-mail in case of visual cryptography 2.4. Security analysis on images with the previous technologies The security analysis is the major aspect of the encryption. Analysis to the field of security will encounter the serious obstacle that deal is by nature not an exact science. The previous technologies which where there before the D-H key agreement encryption are manual encryption, transparent encryption, symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption (Fedora Documentation Project, 2009). Visual cryptography can be seen as a one-time pad system. Then, it cannot be reused. Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key agreement method and Toral Automorphism (TA) such that visual cryptography can be reused. Both secret and symmetry-key are represented in binary image. The proposed scheme is simple and easy to be implemented for shadow images. Therefore, it can be used in many electronic business applications (Chao-Wen Chan and Yi-Da Wu, 2008). The Manual Encryption is a technique that will involve the use of encryption software. In this computer programs are used for encrypt various bits of information digitally. In this technique the encryption key is provided later in the process. The main security issues are the potential leakage through security insensible program and also the bad implementation may lead to re-encrypt with same key for same password (Bruice Schneier, 2007). Transparent Encryption is another type of computer software encryption. In this technique the data can be downloaded onto a computer to encrypt automatically. Every executable application and file created in the computer has an encrypted copy that can withstand power surges and protects information in case a computer is stolen. The security issues is the data which is automatically encrypted can be taken if the key provided is known (Cetin K. Koc, David Naccache and Christof Paar, 2001). The Symmetric Encryption is in which a letter or number coincides with another letter or number in the encryption code. This technique is commonly referred to as secret-key encryption. In this only single key is used for e ncrypting an Visual Information Encryption by D-H Key Agreement Visual Information Encryption by D-H Key Agreement Visual Information Encryption by D-H Key Agreement and Visual Cryptography Abstract Visual cryptography provides secured digital transmission which is used only for one time. In order to make visual cryptography reusable Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key is used. The original images can be reuse by using this scheme. It is effortless and uncomplicated technique to execute the secret image for shadow images. The shadow images are the shrunken version of the original image, in which the secret image share is embedded. These are used to guard the data and secret images in the internet so that it is not accessed by any unauthorized persons. Visual cryptography divides the image into secret shadow images. After this these shadow images are distributed in the original image. Recovering of secret image is done by human visual system by piling all the shadow images. As this Visual cryptography is used only once D-H key agreement was used to make it reusable by using D-H key scheme in it. Objectives: Provision of security for hidden images Reusing of the original image is possible by this technology Images should be visible only to human visual system Literature Review In this project a visual cryptography scheme is used for encrypting the information. Visual cryptography is an encryption method which is used to hide the information in an image, decrypted can be done by human visual system. By using only this scheme the reusing is not possible. The image which is recovered after decryption will not be same as original image so it cannot be reused. For the reuse of the visual cryptography Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key agreement method and Toral Automorphism (TA) can be used. In this both secret and symmetry-key representation can be used (Chao-Wen Chan and Yi-Da Wu, 2008). Visual cryptography is the scheme which facilities the secret sharing of the pictures or data. The pixels of the pictures or data that need to be transmitted secretly will be treated as an individual secret which can be shared using a secret sharing scheme. The picture is first split into two or more shared images the secret data are embedded. At the decryption side images are join ed on the transparent paper to get the secret picture or data. This is the way in which the first visual cryptography was started (Borivoje Furht, Edin Muharemagic and Daniel Socek, 2005). Using current methods the Visual cryptography scheme will allow the encoding of the secret image into shares; this is done in the form of transparencies. These shares are distributed to the participants, such that only the qualified subsets of participants can recover the secret image visually. This is done by superimposing the share images one over the other which are obtained from the original image (Carlo Blundo and Stelvio Cimato, 2005). In this scheme the devices are used for encoding of secret information and the decoding is done with human vision directly. For encoding, the visual cryptography will cryptographically encode the binary secret data into shares of the pattern which will be random. Then the shares are copied on to the transparencies with the same number of transparencies as shar es. The transparencies are distributed among the participants, one for each participant. The decoding of the data or picture is done only when all of the participants superimpose their transparencies (Alan Conrad Bovik, 2005). The importance of this scheme is that there is no need for data expansion. The resolution of the data will not be lost by using this scheme. By using this scheme the image will be secure against the most important cryptanalytic attacks. The computation complexity will be less since it involves only XOR operations. By using XOR operations the share images are combined to form the encrypted images. The authentication of the image will be based on the global visual effect, so local defects due to noise will not affect the final result. The most important aspect of this scheme is that the decoding of the secret data or image can be done with human vision without any decoding equipment (Kiyoharu Aizawa, Yuichi Nakamura and Shinichi Satoh, 2004). The previous techno logies that came into existing before visual cryptography are two-out-of two visual threshold schemes, two-out-of-n visual-threshold scheme. In a two-out-of two visual threshold scheme the secret can be any type of data (Abhishek Parakh and Subhash Kak, 2006, p.1). For an image comprising of white and black pixels, this image can be encoded as a binary string. In this scheme the 0 will represent a white pixel and 1 represents a black pixel and the result will be sent in two shares. The security problem by this is having only 50 percent of resolution will be obtained because the image is divided into only two shares and if the new shares of data are found the image can be decrypted very easily. A two-out-of-n visual-threshold scheme is more secure when compared with the first. In this scheme also the pixels are divided into two, but the shares will be n. By this the security will increase. When compared with the D-H key agreement the resolution of these schemes will be less and secur ity will also be less (Doug Stinson, 1999). The D-H key agreement is used to make possible the reuse of visual cryptography. The Diffie-Hellman key agreement used an interface known as D-H key interface. This interface is used for password based Encryption. These interfaces typically can be used by the programmer who is implementing a Cryptographic provider or who wants to implement a cryptography algorithm (David Flanagan, 2005). Diffie- Hellman Key agreement is also known as exponential key exchange. This key provides the solution to the key distribution problems, allowing two parties, never having met in advance to share key material for establishing a shared secret by exchanging messages over an open channel. This is a fundamental technique providing unauthenticated key agreement. The main goal of an authenticated Key establishment protocol is to distribute key of data. The established key should have precisely the same attributes as a key established face to face, it should be distributed uniformly at random from the key space, and an unauthorized entity will not be able to learn anything about the key (Alfred J.Menezes, Paul C. Van Oorschot, and Scott A. Vanstone, 1997). D-H key agreement protocols involve the derivation of the shared secret information based on compatible D-H keys between the sender and recipient. The information is then converted into the cryptographic keying material for other algorithms. A variation of the Diffie-Hellman is used for converting the shared secret data into an arbitrary amount of keying materials (Manuel Mogollon, 2008). According to Michael Baake and John A G Roberts (2001, p.1) Toral Automorphisms will be represented by the uni-modular integer matrices, are investigated with the help of symmetries and also reversing symmetries group of matrices with a simple spectrum through their connection with unit groups in orders of algebraic number fields. The reversibility will derive the necessary conditions in terms of the distinctive polynomial and the polynomial invar iants. This shows that the Voiculescu- Brown entropy of the non-commutative toral automorphism arising from a matrix S in is at least half the value of the topological entropy of the corresponding classical toral automorphism. This is a new method used to prove the position limit laws in the theory of dynamical systems, which is based on the Chen-Stein method combined with the analysis of the homo clinic Laplace operator and some other homo clinic considerations (Massimo Franceschetti and Ronald Meester, 2002, p.2). The main use of this is to generate a disorder in the arrangement of digital images. The equation (1) define the two dimensional matrix. The new technology that can be used for the visual cryptography is adaptive order dithering technique. By using this technique the decrypted image size can be reduced and also the quality of decryption image can be improved. In this technique the technique will get adaptive to the data that is used (Nagaraj V. Dharwadkar, B.B. Amberker and Sushil Raj Joshi, 2009). From the above context it can be understood that visual cryptography is a scheme in which the secret data can be transmitted without getting decoded by others. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Overview Visual Information system significantly enlarges the applications scope of information systems and typically deals with the general purpose multimedia operating system that is supported by multimedia hardware and high bandwidth network. Visual information system involves variety of facilities for efficient visual information presentation and visualization. This system actually provides inter related visual and multimedia information to support the operations, management and decision making functions in an organization. These are text oriented which provides reports, decision-making information and documents for all levels of hierarchy in the organization. With the increase in multimedia platforms, visual information has become more available (Clement H. C. Leung, 1997). In recent years, there has been a rapid growth of information technology for human to communication on the Internet. Since Internet is public, with the advancement of information technology, communication through inte rnet has increased rapidly. As internet can be accessed by everyone and anyone can easily access the information and transmit it without any protection there is possibility of grabbing the information as it became secondary data. So in order to avoid hacking of sensitive information, it should be encrypted before transmission. In order to protect the information Diffie and Helman (D-H) proposed a key agreement scheme that is implemented when two parties agree on a common session key. This key agreement also helps in improving the reusable process. This method is used to compute a common image for encryption and decryption with two parties (Chao-Wen Chan and Yi-Da Wu, 2008). The D-H algorithm does not encrypt data or make a digital signature. This is exclusively used for the generation of shred secrets. The DH key agreement can be split into three parts; they are parameter generation that generates non secret public value and is expensive process, next is phase1generatres two key exc hange values for the parties and phase2 is the originator and recipient that computes the functions in the given image (Blake Dournaee, 2002). DH key agreement has a nice property that it is not sensitive to off-line attacks but it is sensitive to man-in-the-middle attacks (Christian Gehmann, Joakim Persson and Ben Smeets, 2004). In Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key agreement method both the secret and symmetry key are represented in binary image. It is simple and easy to be implemented especially for shadow images. Thus, it can be applied in many electronic business applications. There after Naor and Shamir proposed a methodology named visual secret sharing that provides secrecy to the information and avoids illegal activities; this process is called as Visual Cryptography. This process provides secrecy by partitioning the secret digital image into several shadow images that are recovered by the human visual system by piling all those images together (Jeng-Shyang Pan, Hsiang-Cheh Huang and L. C. Jain, 2004). Hence it can be stated that in order to safeguard the images visual cryptography and DH key agreement are used where the images are split into shadow images and sent which then will be combines and viewed by the human visual system. It is secured by encryption and decryption of images with a key to be presented. Visual cryptography is seen as a one time pad system that cannot be reused, in further sections of the study the implementation of Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key agreement method is researched in detail so that visual cryptography can be reused. 1.2. Aims and Objectives Aim: To research on visual information encryption by D-H Key agreement and visual Cryptography Objectives: Provision of security for hidden images Reusing of the technology again and again Images should be visible only to human visual system 1.3. Purpose of Study The main purpose of studying the Visual Encryption is to provide a unified overview of techniques for the encryption of the image and video data, ranging from commercial applications like DVD or DVB to more research oriented topic and recently published material. To serve this purpose of Visual Encryption has the different techniques of a unified viewpoint, it provide an extensive use of Visual Encryption. Digital visual data is usually organized in a rectangular arrays denoted as frames, the elements of these array are denoted as pixels. Each pixel is a numerical value specifies the intensity of the pixels (Andreas Uhl and Andreas Pommer, 2005). In the latest year, there has been a rapid growth of the information technology for the human to communication on the Internet. As Internet has become the open public, anyone can easily read information and perform the successful transmission of the information without protection. In order to provide the proper security to the information, V isual Information Encryption by D-H Key study is necessary (chao-Wen and Yi-Da Wu, 2008). Visual Information Encryption provides the secure connection and protects data from unexpected modification by hackers or other outsiders. In D-H key encryption a common password is required for all the attendees to participate in the same conference, which gives more security to the information (Encryption, 2008). Visual information Encryption provides the Encryption formats as a standard function. Thus, the main purpose of the study is to implement a visual secret sharing scheme through visual cryptography in order to avoid sensitive information being illegally read or modified because the observations made from the recent electronic business applications on the Internet reveal that the amount of data exchanged is small and the exchanged data requires secrecy. 1.4. Research Context With the rapid increase in visual information, the digital and video encryption approaches are widely studied upon various resources like visual net meetings. This application mostly requires ultra high security to keep the images and video dat confidential among users; nobody can retrieve the content without a key for decryption. Thus, from this point of view image encryption is considered as a basis for visual encryption. Visual Cryptography is a topic that finds its way into every nook and cranny of the networking world. Everyone has their own ideas of how it should work and their own understanding of how it does work. The problem with the encryption is that there are several different types, and these type works in several different ways. And most companies want encryption, they dont necessarily know what type of encryption they want, and what the difference are between the types. Here this is designed to give a good overview of the current encryption technology (Eric Quinn, 2009 ). The visual cryptography is mainly used in maintaining images secretly for not to be accessed by the unauthorized persons. By using this technology the images can be visual by the user but it cannot be accessed by unauthorized persons. As there is increasing growth in the computer networks and in distributed a computing application visual cryptography plays an important role in providing security (visual cryptography, 2009). In binary images scheme the visual cryptography helps in maintaining the secrecy for not providing authorization to intruders. The visual cryptography provides an infinite computation power that messages cannot be identified. This visual cryptography is in identification of bank customers, verification of electronic voting and anti spam bot measures for maintaining the secrecy to avoid intruders Visual cryptography provides a way for secretly maintaining the information and data. Visual cryptography is used in many applications for maintaining data secretly fo r not be authorized by the intruders (Nagaraj V. Dharwadhakar, Amberker and susil Raj Joshi, 2009). This system actually supplies inter related visual and multimedia information to support the operations, management and decision making functions in an organization. This process provides confidentiality by dividing the secret digital image into several images that are healthier by the human visual system by those images together. Visual cryptography strategy is suggested to combine the key agreement scheme with a shadow image without building a secure connection. Thus, visual cryptology uses public key algorithm for having maintain secretly (Kiyoharu Aizawa, Yuichi nakamura and shinichi satoh, 2004). Many organizations are using this methodology for not having interruptions in data. Visual cryptography uses different encryption and decryption techniques and many authentications for not be accessed by unauthorized persons and maintains secrecy. In this research D-H key algorithm is us ed for having secrecy and privacy can be maintained. By implementation of new encryption schemes provides secrecy in an effective manner. 1.5. Research Method Qualitative approach is appropriate for this research method. Qualitative Research Practice starts with the premise that one can improve their research skills by seeing what researchers actually do in particular projects and by adding their actions and plans into their own research practice. It actually demonstrates the benefits of using practical methods from real-life knowledge and will be necessary reading for anyone interested in the process of doing social research (Clive Seale, 2004). It is a field of inquiry that explains discipline and subject matters. It is called as ethnographic research. It involves collection of narrative data in a natural setting in order to gain insights into phenomenon of interest. This research studies many variables over an extensive period of time to find out the way things are, how and why they came to be that way and what it all means. Qualitative researchers do not want to interfere or control anything. The most common method of data collection i nvolves participant observation (Michael Huberman Matthew and Miles, 2002). Qualitative analysis offers a cluster of very useful procedures like guidelines, techniques etc. It actually refers to the educational issues and the understanding of learning and cognition (Pamela S. Maykut and Richard Morehouse, 1994). Hence, it can be said that the secondary data is preferred for this research while searching the related information to it as the other approaches cannot provide a better data to the research. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1. Overview Visual Cryptography is a particular encryption method used to hide information in images in such a way that it can be decrypted by the human visual system if the correct key image is applied. This method was suggested by Naor and Shamir in 1994. Visual Cryptography applies two transparent images. One image consist random pixels and the other image consist of the secret information. In visual cryptography it is not possible to recollect the secret information from one of the images. Both transparent images and layers are involved to reveal the information (Kiyoharu Aizawa, yuichi Nakamura and shichi satoh, 2004). The simplest method to implement Visual Cryptography is to bring out the two layers against a transparent sheet. When the random image contains genuinely random pixels then it can be seen as a onetime pad system and will offer infrangibly encryption. In visual cryptography pixel is divided into white and black blocks. In this chapter, importance of visual cryptography is disc ussed and a New Visual information Encryption Scheme is proposed followed by the explanation of Security analysis on images with the previous technologies. 2.2. Visual Cryptography Visual Cryptography refers to a secret sharing method that will encrypt the secret message into a number of shares and does not require any computer or calculations for decrypting the secret image rather the secret message will be reconstructed visually by overlaying the encrypted shares the secret image will become clearly visible. Visual cryptography scheme on a set P of n participants can be defined as a method of encoding the secret image into n shares so that the original image will be obtained by stacking specific combination of shares onto each other. Visual cryptography technique was initiated by the Naor and Shamiri at Eurocrypt 94. It is a process used for separating one image into various shares. Visual cryptography solutions functions on binary inputs. Visual cryptography is a special technique used to hide information in images in such a way that it can be decrypted by the human vision when the correct image is used. It uses two images one image contains secret informati on, in visual cryptography it is not possible to retrieve the secret information from one of the images, both transparent images are required to reveal the information. To print two layers into the transparent sheet is the simplest way to implement Visual cryptography (jeng shying pan, Hsiang cheh Huang and L. C. Jain, 2004). If the random image contains random pixel then it can be seen as a onetime pad system and will offer unbreakable encryption. These two layers slide over each other until they are correctly aligned where the hidden information appears. This type of visual cryptography which restores the image by stacking some significant images together is known as extended visual cryptography. Generally, visual cryptography suffers from the deterioration of image quality. The basic two cryptography models consists of a secret message encoded into two transparencies, one transparency representing the cipher text and the other acting as a secret key. Both transparencies appear to random dots when inspected individually and does not provide any information about the original clear text. By carefully aligning the transparencies the original message is reproduced (Borivoje Furht, Edin Muharemagic and Daniel socek, 2005). The original decoding is accomplished by the human visual system. Visual cryptography scheme is a visual secret sharing problem in which the secret message is viewed only in black and white pixels. Each pixel in the original image is represented by at least one sub pixel in each of the n transparencies or shares generated. Each share is comprised of collection of m black and white sub pixels where each collection represents a particular original pixel. The contrast of Visual Cryptography Scheme is the difference between the minimum number of black sub pixels in a reconstructed (secret) black pixel and the maximum number of black sub pixels in a reconstructed (secret) white pixel (Kiyoharu Aizawa, Yuchi Nakamura and Shinichi Satoh, 2004). The m ain instantiation of visual cryptographic realizes a cryptographic protocol called secret sharing. The important thing in secret sharing is it relies on a human visual system to perform the decryption. In a conventional secret sharing a secret shared among n participants can pull their shares and recover the secret but the subsets of the forbidden can obtain no information about that. Visual secret sharing schemes inherits all applications of conventional secret sharing schemes most notably access control. An example of the encoding of white and black pixels in a 2 out of 2 scheme can be seen in Figure 1. Here two shares out of the two generated would be needed to recover the original image. Since only two shares are generated, n = 2. White box represents a single white or black pixel in the original image. Sub pixel assignments that would be given to shares #1 and #2 respectively. The number of sub pixels per share used to represent the original pixel is four Finally, the overall visual effect when shares #1 and #2 are correctly aligned on top of one another. Notice that when the shares in this example are combined the original black pixel is viewed as black; however, the original white pixel takes on a grey scale. The structure obtained from either white or black pixel representation can be described by an n. Similar to the area of the secret sharing, more generally structures have been studied in the visual cryptography. The basic model of the visual cryptography consists of a sever al umber of transparency sheets. On each transparency a cipher text is printed which is identical from random noise. The hidden message is reconstructed by stacking a certain number of the transparencies and viewing them. The system can be used by anyone without any knowledge of cryptography and without performing any cryptographic computations. Naor and Shamir have developed the Visual Secret Sharing Scheme (VSSS) to implement this model [Naor95] (Mizuho Nakajima and Yasushi Yamaguchi, 2002). Thus, from the above discursion it can be stated that Visual cryptography is a special technique used to hide information in images in such a way that it can be decrypted by the human vision when the correct image is used. It is a simple and clear scheme that can partition the secret image into a number of shadow images and the dealers can distribute these shadow images to participants. The Visual cryptography scheme makes use of human visual system for recovering secret images by staking vari ous shadow images. 2.3. Importance of Visual Cryptography Visual Information system importantly elaborates the diligences scope of information systems and deals with the multimedia operating system which is supported by multimedia hardware and high bandwidth network. These are text oriented which provides reports, decision-making information and documents for all levels of hierarchy in the organization (Carlo Blundo and Stelvio, 2005). With the increase in multimedia platforms, visual information has become more available with the advancement of information technology; contact through internet has increased rapidly. Visual information system requires many kinds of facilities for effective visual information presentation and visualization. This system actually supplies inter related visual and multimedia information to support the operations, management and decision making functions in an organization. As internet can be accessed by everyone and anyone can easily access the information and transmit it without any protection there is possibil ity of grabbing the information as it became secondary data. So in order to avoid hacking of sensitive information, it should be encrypted before transmission (Yongfei Han, 1997). In order to protect the information Diffie and Helman (D-H) proposed a key agreement scheme that is implemented when two parties agree on a common session key. This key agreement also helps in improving the reusable process. This technique is utilized to calculate a common image for encryption and decryption with two parties. The D-H algorithm does not encrypt data or make a digital signature. This is exclusively used for the generation of shred secrets. The DH key agreement can be split into three parts; they are parameter generation that generates non secret public value and is expensive process, next is phase1generatres two key exchange values for the parties and phase2 is the originator and recipient that computes the functions in the given image. DH key agreement has a nice property that it is not sen sitive to off-line attacks but it is sensitive to man-in-the-middle attacks. There after Naor and Shamir proposed a methodology named visual secret sharing that provides secrecy to the information and avoids illegal activities (Jeng-Shyang Pan, Hsiang-Cheh Huang and L. C. Jain, 2004). This process is called as Visual Cryptography. This process provides secrecy by partitioning the secret digital image into several shadow images that are recovered by the human visual system by piling all those images together. It is secured technique where the data cannot be traced by others. In classic secret sharing, algorithms for splitting and sharing secret information are a stem of cryptography. In the most general case, their objective is to generate such parts for the data and that could be shared by multiple authorized persons. This problem of splitting information in a manner allowing its reconstruction by a certain n-person group interested in the reconstruction of the split information. Al gorithm solutions developed to achieve this objective and at the same time none of the groups of participants in such a protocol, whose number is lesser than the required m persons. It leads to opposing to read the split message. The algorithms for dividing information make it possible to split it into chunks known as shadows that are later distributed among the participants of the protocol. So that the shares of certain subsets of users collective together and these are capable of reconstructing the original information. There are two groups of algorithms for dividing information, namely, secret splitting and secret sharing. In the first technique, information is distributed among the participants of the protocol, and all the participants are required to put together their parts to have it reconstructed. A more universal method of splitting information is the latter method, i.e. secret sharing (Marek R. Ogiela and Urszula Ogiela, 2009). Thus, from the above discursion it can be sta ted that visual cryptography plays a vital role in securing the data and also in sharing the secret message as the data transferred through internet has been increased. rapidly. Advantages of visual cryptography Visual cryptography is simple to be implemented. Encryption incase of visual cryptography does not require any hard problem dependency. Specifically decryption algorithms are not required because a person aware of cryptography can easily decrypt the message. Cipher text can be Fax or e-mail in case of visual cryptography 2.4. Security analysis on images with the previous technologies The security analysis is the major aspect of the encryption. Analysis to the field of security will encounter the serious obstacle that deal is by nature not an exact science. The previous technologies which where there before the D-H key agreement encryption are manual encryption, transparent encryption, symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption (Fedora Documentation Project, 2009). Visual cryptography can be seen as a one-time pad system. Then, it cannot be reused. Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key agreement method and Toral Automorphism (TA) such that visual cryptography can be reused. Both secret and symmetry-key are represented in binary image. The proposed scheme is simple and easy to be implemented for shadow images. Therefore, it can be used in many electronic business applications (Chao-Wen Chan and Yi-Da Wu, 2008). The Manual Encryption is a technique that will involve the use of encryption software. In this computer programs are used for encrypt various bits of information digitally. In this technique the encryption key is provided later in the process. The main security issues are the potential leakage through security insensible program and also the bad implementation may lead to re-encrypt with same key for same password (Bruice Schneier, 2007). Transparent Encryption is another type of computer software encryption. In this technique the data can be downloaded onto a computer to encrypt automatically. Every executable application and file created in the computer has an encrypted copy that can withstand power surges and protects information in case a computer is stolen. The security issues is the data which is automatically encrypted can be taken if the key provided is known (Cetin K. Koc, David Naccache and Christof Paar, 2001). The Symmetric Encryption is in which a letter or number coincides with another letter or number in the encryption code. This technique is commonly referred to as secret-key encryption. In this only single key is used for e ncrypting an

Imperialsim in Madagascar :: essays research papers

Imperialism in Madagascar   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When someone is talking about Madagascar usually they are talking about the huge cockroaches people have to eat on Fear Factor but there is so much more to the country than that. During a time when land was being snatched up and claimed by many Euro-Asia countries little had any right or reason to have the land. This time of imperialism effected economic markets, religion, and many other things pertaining to the Malagasy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the centuries countries and mankind have always wanted one thing: power. This power can be in many forms such as money, property, friends, or technology. During the 1800s to 1914 many countries found land in Africa that had â€Å"primitive† or â€Å"incompetent† inhabitants so they claimed the country as theirs and took control of it to get more power. I believe France wanted Madagascar because it had found that the country’s land was inadequate for further growth so to posses more land they saw Madagascar and what it had to offer them, and protectorated it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the 1600s the Portuguese, the English, and the French, successful or not, tried to colonize Madagascar. This was the first attempt of any kind to penetrate Madagascar. In 1869 the French attained and expanded their political influence in Madagascar. In 1896, after a native rebellion they won the French achieved control and made all of Madagascar a French colony.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1810, during King Radama I’s reign, the British introduced Christianity. The Protestant London Missionary Society was welcomed and converted many willing natives. This period lasted until 1835 when in 1828 Radama was succeeded, by his wife Ranavalona I, and Christianity was declared illegal. In addition all Europeans were to leave the country and trade was stopped. This era ended in 1863 when Queen Rasoherina lifted the anti-European policy and missionaries and traders were received once more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the French’s control of Madagascar there were several rebellions with at least 15,000 natives killed altogether. The first native rebellion lasted from 1894 until 1896 when a high government official organized a resistance to the French which ended with the French exiling the queen and gaining complete power over the nation. The second was in 1916 when the French uncovered a secret nationalist society that was outlawed and hundreds of its members were taken prisoner. The largest revolt was in 1947 and lasted nearly two years. This was a major uprising against the French, who crushed the rebellion, killing between 11,000 and 80,000 Malagasy (according to different estimates).

Legalization of Marijuana: Should be Approved? Essay

American people have debated over the legalization of marijuana for many years. This discussion is an example of how the united states have struggled to reach an agreement about the use of marijuana. In recent year’s drug policy have been increasingly challenged, especially in America. In the United States a group of nearly twenty states has allowed the medical use of marijuana, even though neither the federal government nor the United Nations Convention recognize that marijuana has medical uses. In the election of November 2012, Washington State passed a referendum, and Colorado an amendment to its Constitution, which allow the recreational use of marijuana. A result of the legalization of recreational use in Denver, Colorado, have entered more than $ 1.2 million with a mechanism for maximum sales per consumer than an ounce profit status, worth $ 200, a strategy that is used to regulate the individual consumption. For instance, according to Jacob Sullum (2013), author of The Cannabis Is Out Of The bag, â€Å"People 21 or older already are allowed to possess up to an ounce of marijuana.† Nowadays Marijuana users in the United States may finally, starting this January 1, legally have it for recreational purposes in two states in the West, Washington and Colorado. Probably the most controversial news until today is that many companies would begin to distribute marijuana in vending machines as if they were sodas this will be addressed to the public who use marijuana for medical purposes, a patient with a serious medical condition that approaches a vending machine to get a dose of marijuana to cope better with certain symptoms of their disease or treatment is an increasingly common act thanks to the progress achieved by the automatic distribution. But you can still go further. Hence Smart Ventures, a company that invests in mining projects in medical marijuana and playful side, has signed an agreement with Mobile Vending, dedicated to developing mobile technology for control of vending .The objective of this joint venture is to expand and renovate the distribution process with the latest equipment and advanced techniques of identification in order to cash in on the recent legalization of marijuana  and the resulting high demand in the state of Colorado. Both formulas will drive new technology payments and cashless biometric identification methods, either through credit cards, electronic wallets and mobile payment. The new company is called Cannabis Funding Group, Inc. and is now a subsidiary of activity as Smart Ventures. One person who is clearly opposed to medical marijuana is Scott M, Arden. He suggests that there is no incentive to fund clinical trials nor advocate the use of marijuana for medical purposes. he expressed her views in the article †Å"Clinician Reviews† journal. For instance, he says, The negative side effects of medical marijuana pale in comparison to the laundry list associated with numerous prescription drugs that are FDA approved—not to mention tobacco and alcohol, much more addictive products on the market that possess no medicinal value, only detrimental. Additionally, currently available pain medications have been proven highly addictive, and their use and proliferation have led to an epidemic of chemical dependence and related crime. If the big players in the industry had significant potential gains from medical marijuana, it would have been legalized at the federal level years ago. What Scott M. Arden is saying is that it makes no sense the idea of medical marijuana. So, obviously that it will be the same as with the other drugs on the market that are addictive. There are some people who think that more states should legalize at least medical marijuana for the people who really need it. One of the strong supporters of medical marijuana is Karen Bender. She is sure that with additional research medical marijuana may benefit many people. In fact, she says, â€Å"Medical marijuana, like prescribed drugs, may benefit people with MS†. What bender means is that, if the American government is willing to continue prohibiting medical marijuana, American people would never know if is the right thing to do. It is simply means that laboratories and people specialized in the field of medical marijuana should do more research to determine the good things about it and the bad things and how will affect society. Second, another controversial reason to support or oppose legalization of marijuana is based in the economics of execution. Legalizing marijuana will save the government $ 41.3 billion a year in law-enforcement and generate $ 46.7 billion in tax according to The Libertarian Cato Institute but Chris Kennedy a spokesman of the journal â€Å"NEWSWEEK† tells that â€Å"all of our scholars definitely support an end to drug  prohibition.† He thinks that instead of prohibiting marijuana government should legalized it, according to The Libertarian Cato Institute. It is simply means that legalizing marijuana is the best thing to do for economic reasons, that’s why there’s so many controver sy in the economic execution, too much money involved. There are not many people, who support the legalization of marijuana, mostly because they think is not going to help American economy. Most people care about the national security because of terrorists and drug dealers. One person who clearly opposes legalization of marijuana is Pat Buchanan, an advisor to presidents Nixon, Ford, and Reagan , he sure believes American people is financing terrorists and drug dealers. He expressed his opinion in â€Å"NEWSWEEK† journal. For instance, he says, How does one win a drug war when millions of Americans who use recreational drugs are financing the cartels bribing, murdering, and beheading to win the war and keep self-indulgent Americans supplied with drugs? There are two sure ways to end this war swiftly. Milton’s way and Mao’s way. Mao Zedong’s communists killed users and suppliers alike, as social parasites. Milton Friedman’s way is to decriminalize drugs and call off the war. What Buchanan is really talki ng about is that most Americans are supporting and financing the cartels, and that Americans are arguing at the same time for the security when they are the cause of drug cartels having power, that’s why criminals continue enriching illicitly. There are not that many politicians who support the legalization of marijuana. One politician who supports the legalization of marijuana is Tom Tancredo who was running for governor of Colorado on the constitution party ticket. He declares that marijuana should be (Legalize it. Regulate it. Tax it) He expressed his opinion in â€Å"NEWSWEEK† journal. For instance, he says, With regard to marijuana, I have no plans to push for its legalization. I simply believe that taking money away from the drug cartels, taking the incentive out of pushing marijuana to kids by imposing the most serious penalties possible on those who do so, focusing our resources on stopping illegal aliens and hard drugs from entering the country, and reducing t he corruption now eating away at our law-enforcement establishment has merit and deserves to be debated. Another main argument has to deal with the Mexican border. There is another politician who supports the legalization of marijuana. It’s Grover Norquist, president of Americas for tax reform, he declares that the legalization of marijuana will  end with drug cartels. For instance, he says, First, there is the mess that is Mexico. Narcoterrorism is made possible by our drug prohibition in the U.S. Then there is the cost of incarceration, Proposition 19 has the opportunity to be the domino that could bring about rational drug policy nationwide. What Norquist is really taking about is that next vote in California for or against Proposition 19, which seeks to legalize the use, distribution and sale of marijuana has led, in the United States and Mexico, a debate on the legalization of drugs. Proposition 19 also plans to allow the cultivation of marijuana by adults in an area not exceeding 25 square feet in their homes and allowed local governments to regulate and collect taxes on commercial production and distribution of the drug. The Uni ted Nations (UN) estimates that one third of the cannabis consumed in the U.S. is produced domestically. Under the new laws of legalization, marijuana stores should produce their own cannabis, and will take several months for some power to make its first crop of recreational marijuana. $ 600 million annual leave year the sale of marijuana in Colorado. A study by Colorado State University estimated that the market for legal marijuana state will be about 600 million dollars annually and generate about $ 130 million in new taxes. The study also estimated that Colorado residents consume about 100 grams of marijuana per capita annually, under the new rules. One person who clearly declares that combating drugs is not the way to solve all problems related with drugs as violence, is James A. Inciardi, a director of the center for drug and alcohol studies. He expressed his views in the book, The Drug Legalization Debate. For instance, he says, â€Å"War on Drugs† is not the answers to the many problems of drug abuse in this country. I reach this conclusion by observing that during the entire time the country has been at war against drugs there has been no attempt in any administration to place the federal agencies and the American people on a wartime status. There are several characteristics of a country at war that have not been met. Although it is very obvious for most people, Legalization is not a magic formula to end violence, it may resolve other serious problems in the country but it is a necessary step in the right direction for a new paradigm that means more security. Marijuana it’s not the illegal drug that leaves more profit, but it is the most trafficked and consumed in the world. The blow to organized crime by removing these revenues vary, according to estimates, 15% to 60% of  the â€Å"profits† of t he drug. The opinion of the people in this area is very diverse, from which there are radically opposed to it until its legalization there are supporters unconditionally. These views depend on many factors, such as age, as the person it’s older the more is opposed to the legalization of these substances, another factor that determines a lot is its political ideology. The people on the left political side tend to approve the legalization of these drugs and the right side tends to reject it, it also depends on the sex gender, men usually supports more its legalization. Also people are influenced by the fact that they tried the drug before. Most of the people who have tried the drug before tend to support the legalization of marijuana. Legalizing cannabis would have the advantage that we can all imagine, a greater product quality, if we smoke or use marijuana as this should not be adulterated because going through some health checks, a much lower cost, as there would be many intermediaries as there are now and also end with the black market and drug trafficking networks. While many of these benefits would not be such, because, for example the black market and drug trafficking networks would not disappear, but still try to sell the cheapest product to make the competition to the government. The failure of prohibitionist and punitive strategy against illicit drugs, we still see an overview of production and consumption worse than in the beginning. It is necessary to create useful tools to combat drug use, which must be accompanied by a more flexible-but not libertarian-use and production perspective. Works cited Conant, Eve. â€Å"Pot and the GOP.† Newsweek 1 Nov. 2010: Academic OneFile. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. Sullum, Jacob. â€Å"The Cannabis Is Out Of The Bag: Why Prohibitionists Have an Interest in Allowing Marijuana Legalization.† Reason Aug.-Sept. 2013: 12. Academic OneFile. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. Arden, Scott M., and Meg Helgert. â€Å"Opposing Views of Medical Marijuana.† Clinician Reviews Apr. 2011: 2. Academic OneFile. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. Bender, Karen. â€Å"More Support for Medicinal Marijuana.† Momentum Spring 2011: Academic OneFile. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. Inciardi, James A. The Drug Legalization Debate. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1991. Print.

Human Recourses

Human Recourses Emphasis has been set on the organization's needs. For employees to be productive, the must feel that the job is right for their abilities and that they are being treated equitability. For many employees, the job is a major source of personal identity. Satisfied employees are not automatically more productive however, unsatisfied employees do tend to quit more often, to be absent more frequently and to produce lower quality of work than satisfied workers.Basically, a sound quality of work life, program assumes that a job and the work environment should be structured to meet as many of the workers needs as possible.Policies for this case study includes recruitment, selection, appraisal, promotion, employment contracts, job security and retrenchment or outplacement. Thus, Bakersfield University has to choose to frame such policies indicating high organizational concern for their employees e.g.: promotion on merit, appraisal linked to career management, job security, voluntary redundanc y, and performance based remuneration.University of Ljubljana, SloveniaIn Bakersfield University, the appraisal schemes based upon direct financial rewards or bonuses have sent the wrong messages to employees, quantity rather than quality is the criteria.INTRODUCTIONThe University of Bakersfield recognizes that the successful attainment of its mission and goals depends directly on the quality and commitment of its staff.In support of this, the University has developed an individual performance related pay (IPRP) and the distribution of the pot of money which is at the discretion of Head of Departments.Appraisal provides a formal and systematic opportunity to undertake an overall review of work content, loads and quality; to identify strengths to be developed and areas for improvement, on the part of the individual and of the University. Appraisal neither reduces the need for good management on a day-to-day basis, nor the importance of good communication between managers and their st aff.

Bill Clinton As Vice President - Constitutional Issue

Bill Clinton As Vice President - Constitutional Issue The question of whether Bill Clinton could be elected vice president and be allowed to serve in that capacity surfaced during the 2016 presidential election when his wife, Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton, jokingly told interviewers the idea had crossed my mind. The question goes deeper, of course, than just whether Bill Clinton could be elected and serve as vice president. Its about whether any president who has served out his  statutory limit of two terms as president could then serve as vice president and next in the line of succession to the commander in chief. The easy answer is: We dont know. And we dont know because no president whos served two terms has actually come back and tried to win election to vice president. But there are key parts of the U.S. Constitution that appear to raise enough serious questions about whether Bill Clinton or any other two-term president could later serve as a vice president. And there are enough red flags to keep any serious presidential candidate from picking someone like Clinton as a running mate. Generally speaking, a candidate wouldn’t want to select a running mate when there’s serious doubt about the running mate’s eligibility, and when there are many other good alternatives as to whom there’s no doubt, wrote Eugene Volokh, a professor at the UCLA School of Law. The Constitutional Problems With Bill Clinton Being Vice President The 12th Amendment to the U.S.Constitution states that â€Å"no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.† Clinton and other former U.S. presidents clearly met the eligibility requirements to be vice president  at one point - that is, they were at least 35 years old at the time of the election, they had lived in the United States for at least 14 years, and they were natural born U.S. citizens. But then comes the 22nd Amendment, which states that no person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice. So now, under this amendment, Clinton and other two-term presidents are rendered ineligible to be president again. And that ineligibility to be president, according to some interpretations, makes them ineligible to be vice president under the 12th amendment, though this interpretation has never been test by the U.S. Supreme Court. Clinton has been elected to the presidency twice. So he can no longer be elected to the presidency, according to the language of the 22nd Amendment. Does that mean he is constitutionally ineligible to serve as president, to use the language of the 12th Amendment? asked FactCheck.org journalist Justin Bank. If so, he could not serve as vice president. But finding out would certainly make for an interesting Supreme Court case. In other words, writes  Volokh in The Washington Post: Does constitutionally ineligible to the office of President mean (A) constitutionally barred from being  elected  to the office of President, or (B) constitutionally barred from  serving  in the office of President? If it means option A - if eligible is roughly synonymous, for elected offices, with electable - then Bill Clinton would be ineligible to the office of president because of the 22nd Amendment, and thus ineligible to the office of vice president because of the 12th Amendment. On the other hand, if eligible means simply constitutionally barred from serving, then the 22nd Amendment doesn’t speak to whether Bill Clinton is eligible for the office of president, since it only says that he may not be  elected  to that office. And because there’s nothing in the constitution that makes Clinton ineligible for the presidency, the 12th   Amendment doesn’t make him ineligible for the vice presidency. Cabinet Position Are Also Problematic for Bill Clinton Theoretically, the 42nd president of the United States would have been eligible to serve in his wifes cabinet, though some legal scholars might raise concerns if she were to nominate him  to secretary of the Department of State. It would have placed him in the line of succession to the presidency, and should his wife and her vice president have become unable to serve Bill Clinton would have become president - an ascension some scholars believe would have been in violation of the spirit of the Constitutions 22nd Amendment prohibition on presidents serving a third term.

Diabetes Fact Sheet For African American Women Essay

Diabetes Fact Sheet For African American Women - Essay Example A number of factors account for this but most outstanding could be sighted as the fact that there is a high level of disparity in the provision of quality healthcare to all areas of the American population. Records also have it that diabetes is a disease that poses so much health threat to affected persons. Consequently, a refusal by stakeholders, especially the government to address the issue would mean that the human resource base of the country will be jeopardized because the greater part of the United States workforce would be an ailing one. Among the African American women population, there are other critical statistics of facts that are worth elaborating as far as diabetes is concerned. This is because it is a fact that other risk factors such as age and family history can hardly be controlled. Subsequently, African American women who are over the age of 50 are more likely to get diabetes than those of other ages. Again, 45% of African American women are from homes with a histo ry of diabetes. What this means is that 45% are at risk as far as risk factors are concerned.In conclusion, it would be said that preventive primary healthcare delivery must be intensified among the African American population. Policy experts can make good of this fact sheet by ensuring that in their primary healthcare campaigns, African American women are admonished to maintain a healthy weight; eat low-fat, well-balanced diet; make physical exercise a habit; and reduce alcohol intake (Women Health, 2012).

Victimology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Victimology - Coursework Example The occurrence of such violence is attributable to bitterness towards the old, retaliatory attacks by younger adults, insufficient love and friendliness and general social plight. Reportedly, abusers are relations of the elderly individual who are supposedly caregivers. CVS (2011) reports several incidences of elder abuse. For instance, the year 2007 there were over 91590 individuals above the age of 65 who experienced violent misdemeanor. Of all police crime reporting rate across the various age groups, the age group of 65 five and above had 61% of the total crime reports in the year 2007. This is indicative of the increased crime across this age group. Reportedly, the same year witnessed individuals above the age of 65 lose a massive 1.3 billion dollars in terms of individual and possessions crimes. People aged 60 and constituted 8% of the total deceptive crime reported to the federal trade commission in the year 2008 (CVS, 2011). Consequently, about 12% of identity theft victims reported to the institution was age 60 years and above (CVS, 2011). This is indicative of the increasing criminal activity directed towards this age. According to CVS (2011), five ways to of preventing elder abuse includes individual awareness of the persistence of the problem and its causative factors. The elderly person should make the concerned authorities aware of the quandary. Secondly, one must plan a head to establish caregivers preparedness in terms of financial, physical, and psychological resources. One should arrange for an alternate care to take charge in the event of failure by the preliminary plan. The elders are encouraged to stay sociable by participating in communal activities and sustaining a well established association of friends. Lastly, one should obey the scheduled medical care and other many social engagements (CVS). CVS (2011) outlines several ways of identifying elder